"Differentiating between protein and energy supplements is key to developing an effective cattle supplementation program, but it can be very confusing. With the multitude of feed options available, understanding types of feeds and nutrient requirements will help ensure cattle perform optimally.

​

All feeds contain energy and protein, but feeds are differentiated based on the amount of each nutrient in the feedstuff. Frequently, the biggest challenge is determining whether a protein or energy supplement is needed. The only way to know for sure is to sample feeds and send them to a commercial laboratory for a nutrient analysis. Once deficiencies are identified, supplemental feeds can be evaluated to determine which one will meet animal nutrient requirements with little or no modifications or addition of storage and handling equipment, at the most economic price.

​

As a general baseline, rumen microbes require a diet that contains a minimum of 7% crude protein. The rumen microbes utilize the nitrogen in the protein to grow, multiply, and digest the fiber components of the forage. This level of protein does not take into consideration the requirements of the cow herself. That being said, protein supplements are frequently necessary to improve forage digestibility by rumen microbes when cows are being fed low quality forage or grazing dormant pasture." - Adele Harty SDSU